BITTER KOLA: NATURE'S SECRET SUPERFOOD, HEALTH BENEFITS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS

 Author: Akau B.Z.

INTRODUCTION

Bitter kola is a fruit with a bitter flavor indigenous to West and Central Africa. It is scientifically known as garcinia kola. Bitter kola has been cherished for centuries for its health benefits, cultural significance, and diverse applications. This dietary staple is deeply rooted in traditional medicine and African culture. The bitter kola is a flowering plant species and a 3-5 cm long ellipsoid-shaped nut. Bitter kola gets its name from the bitter taste it leaves in the mouth after eating it.  Bitter kola is widely used in African culture for traditional and medicinal purposes. This article explores the history, health benefits, adverse effects, cultural significance, and various uses of bitter kola.

 HISTORY AND ORIGIN

Bitter kola is believed to have originated in the rainforests of West and Central Africa and has been used for centuries by indigenous communities. It has been used historically in religious and cultural ceremonies in addition to its medicinal uses. The fruit's scientific name, Garcinia kola, pays homage to the botanist who first identified it, Thomas Garcinia, in 1864. The family Guttiferae, to which bitter kola belongs, is closely linked to the more well-known mangosteen.

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION

Protein and Amino Acids: Bitter kola is a rich source of several essential nutrients and bioactive compounds, including:

Bitter compounds: As the name suggests, bitter kola contains alkaloids such as kolaviron and garcinia bioflavonoids. These compounds give the fruit its distinctive bitter taste and may have several health benefits, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Vitamins: Bitter kola is a source of essential vitamins, including vitamins A, B (niacin), C, and E. These nutrients are crucial for overall health and well-being.

Minerals: Bitter kola is rich in minerals like calcium, potassium, and magnesium.

Antioxidants: They contain various phytochemicals, such as flavonoids and tannins, which have antioxidant properties.

Caffeine: Bitter kola contains a moderate amount of caffeine, which can provide a stimulating effect.

Tannins: Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in bitter kola with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They are renowned for defending cells against harm brought on by free radicals.

Phytoestrogens: Some studies suggest that bitter kola contains phytoestrogens, which may have potential hormonal benefits.

Phytochemicals: Bitter kola is rich in phytochemicals, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. These compounds are known for their antioxidant properties, which help protect the body from oxidative stress and inflammation.

Protein and amino acids: bitter kola seed is rich in protein and essential amino acids required for normal body function.

DIFFERENT USES OF BITTER KOLA

Applications in Medicine: Bitter kola treats many illnesses in traditional medicine, including infections, diarrhea, malaria, and general well-being.

Food and Cuisine: In some African nations, especially Nigeria, bitter kola is added to soups and stews for flavor and possible health benefits.

Beverages: Bitter kola is used in some communities to make the traditional bitter kola drinks by soaking the nuts in water.

Chewing Gum: Chewing bitter kola is occasionally used as a natural substitute that retains its refreshing bitter taste.

Cosmetics and Skin Care: Because bitter kola may have antioxidant and anti-aging benefits, some skin care products contain it.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF BITTER KOLA

Bitter kola has gained attention for its potential health benefits. Some of these include:

Antioxidant Properties: The bitter kola plant contains antioxidants that can help fight oxidative stress and lower the risk of chronic diseases because of its high phytochemical concentration. Antioxidants protect cells from the damage that free radicals can do, reducing the chance of chronic illnesses like cancer and cardiovascular problems.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects: The bitter chemicals in bitter kola have shown evidence of having anti-inflammatory qualities, which may help treat inflammatory diseases like arthritis. Osteoarthritis is the basis of the joint cartilage and results in pain and stiffness of the underlying bones, especially in the hip, knee, and ankle joints. It is a common type of joint pain. According to the National Institutes of Health, the causes of osteoarthritis can include joint injuries, obesity, and aging. 

Researchers at Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria tested the effects of bitter kola against arthritis symptoms and concluded that bitter kola significantly reduced inflammation and pain. It also improves joint mobility in patients who have symptoms of osteoarthritis.

Anti-Microbial Properties: Traditional medicine has often used bitter kola to combat various infections due to its potential antimicrobial properties. Research suggests that the fruit's compounds have antimicrobial properties, making it effective against bacteria and fungi.

Boosting Immunity: Its vitamin C content contributes to immune system support. Bitter kola, rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, may indirectly support immune function by protecting cells from oxidative stress.  Its antimicrobial activity may help combat infections. Traditional African medicine uses bitter kola for immune-related health purposes. Excessive consumption, however, can have adverse effects and should not be recommended in medical care. There is little scientific data on the precise effects of bitter kola on immune function, and lifestyle, nutrition, and heredity have influenced immune system performance. Consulting a healthcare professional is recommended for immune system support, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle is generally the best approach.

Aphrodisiac: Bitter kola is well known for its aphrodisiac properties in some cultures.  Many advantages of bitter kola have been reported, such as enhanced libido, better erectile function, more energy and endurance, mild anxiolytic effects, and aphrodisiac effects. However, there is little scientific evidence to support these claims, and the results can differ. Seeking advice and recommendations from a healthcare professional regarding evidence-based treatments is advisable. Furthermore, because they might have unanticipated side effects or interact with medications, herbal remedies, and supplements should be used cautiously.

Digestive Aid: Bitter kola has been used for many years to improve digestion and assist with gastrointestinal problems. Its bitter taste may stimulate digestive enzymes. Kola nut powder and wheat help with digestion. They are said to increase gastric acid production, which boosts the effectiveness of the stomach's digestive enzymes.

Respiratory Health: Bitter kola, rich in phytochemicals like flavonoids and saponins, has anti-inflammatory properties and antioxidant effects, potentially reducing inflammation in respiratory conditions. It also has cough-relieving properties, though more research is needed. Bitter kola is traditionally used in African traditional medicine systems to treat respiratory diseases like bronchitis and throat infections. Its effects on the respiratory system, however, are not yet thoroughly investigated, so speaking with a healthcare provider about its possible therapeutic use is advised. Prioritizing medical interventions and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, eating a well-balanced diet, and engaging in regular exercise are essential for preserving good respiratory health.

Antimalarial: Research has shown that chemicals in bitter kola have antimalarial properties.  For years, traditional healers have suggested bitter kola as a treatment for malaria infections because of this. High fevers and upper respiratory tract infections can also be treated with bitter kola stems, wheat, and seeds.

Anti-glaucoma: Glaucoma is a condition of increased pressure inside the eye, causing a slow loss of vision. Glaucoma can become a permanent concern if left untreated. There have been reports of bitter kola being a very successful eye treatment. Numerous substances found in bitter kola, such as tannins, flavonoids, and phytochemicals, have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities. These properties might be beneficial in the context of eye health. However, there is limited scientific research on its effects on glaucoma. Most research into glaucoma treatments focuses on medications and surgical interventions. Traditional use in African cultures does not necessarily suggest it's an effective treatment. For an accurate diagnosis and treatment recommendations, speak with a medical professional. Bitter kola can also have side effects or interactions with medications, so be cautious.

Anti-diabetic: Research indicates that bitter kola may improve insulin sensitivity in some animal species due to its hypoglycemic qualities. Its antioxidant qualities, which include flavonoids and polyphenols, may help people with diabetes by lowering inflammation and oxidative stress.  Additionally, some components of bitter kola may have anti-inflammatory effects, potentially benefiting those with diabetes.  However, more rigorous scientific research is needed to confirm these effects and understand the specific mechanisms involved. 

Increases circulation: Bitter kola can improve circulation by reducing inflammation, acting as an antioxidant, preventing blood clot formation, and regulating blood pressure through vasodilation. The caffeine and thrombin in kola nuts may increase circulation by increasing the heart rate. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects in humans. Maintaining ideal circulation requires consulting a healthcare provider for guidance on eating a balanced diet, exercising frequently, and getting prescribed medications.  It is crucial to never use herbal remedies or supplements as a substitute for prescribed medications or medical advice.

Weight Management: There have been suggestions that bitter kola has appetite-suppressing qualities, which can lower total calorie intake. Some compounds in bitter kola (caffeine) may influence hunger and satiety. It may also have thermogenic properties, potentially increasing metabolism and fat burning. Its components may regulate blood sugar, which is crucial for managing weight.  Blood sugar spikes can increase appetite and cause overeating, so maintaining stable blood sugar levels can be essential for controlling weight. It also contains antioxidants, protecting the body against oxidative stress and metabolism. However, its impact on weight management is modest, and there are no rigorous scientific studies to establish its safety and appropriate dosage. Sustainable weight management requires a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and lifestyle changes. Before incorporating any natural remedy, including those for weight loss, into your weight management routine, you must consult a physician.

Energy Booster: Due to its caffeine content, bitter kola is consumed to boost energy levels and combat fatigue

Oral Health: Chewing bitter kola is thought to have a beneficial effect on oral health. Some communities use it as a natural remedy for toothaches and throat infections.

Heart Health: Bitter kola, rich in antioxidants like flavonoids and phenolic compounds, may reduce oxidative stress, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Traditional African medicine practitioners use it for heart-related ailments, while its anti-inflammatory properties may reduce inflammation and protect the heart, though further research is needed.

It's important to note that scientific studies on the specific effects of bitter kola on the heart are limited. If you have concerns about your heart health or are looking for natural ways to support your cardiovascular system, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or cardiologist.  They can guide a heart-healthy diet and lifestyle, which may include a variety of foods with established cardiovascular benefits, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. 

Anti-cancer: The anti-oxidants in bitter kola can scavenge free radicals and lessen oxidative stress, which is connected to the onset of cancer. However, these antioxidants do not guarantee a cure or prevention of cancer. Traditional uses are based on anecdotal evidence and lack comprehensive scientific studies. Consumption in moderation is generally safe, but excessive intake can lead to side effects. Cancer prevention and treatment often require a multidisciplinary approach, and natural remedies like bitter kola are unlikely to be a standalone solution. Consult a healthcare professional for informed decisions on complementary therapies.

SIDE EFFECTS OF BITTER KOLA

While bitter kola may have some health benefits, it is best to use it sparingly due to its drawbacks. It is critical to be aware of the following possible adverse effects:

Effects of caffeine: Although less than in coffee or tea, bitter kola does contain caffeine. Overindulgence in caffeine can cause adverse effects like anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, and an elevated heart rate. If you are sensitive to caffeine or have certain medical conditions, you must limit your intake.

Digestive Discomfort: Bitter kola's bitter taste may stimulate digestive enzymes, but for some individuals, this can cause stomach discomfort, nausea, or indigestion. If you have a sensitive stomach or a history of gastrointestinal problems, be cautious when consuming it.

Allergic Reactions: Bitter kola or any of its constituents may cause allergies in certain people. The intensity of allergy symptoms varies; they can range from mild rashes and itching on the skin to more severe symptoms like facial swelling or breathing problems. If you think you may be having an allergic reaction of any kind, get medical help right away.

Interactions with Medications: Bitter kola may interact with certain medications. It's good to consult with a healthcare professional if you are taking prescription drugs or have underlying health conditions, as the fruit's compounds can affect the effectiveness of medications or exacerbate existing health issues.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Take bitter kola with extra care if you are expecting or nursing a child. Before incorporating it into your diet, it is best to consult a healthcare provider because the safety of breastfeeding and pregnancy has not been thoroughly studied.

Hypoglycemia Risk: Bitter kola may lower blood sugar levels. If you have diabetes and are taking medications to manage your blood sugar, consuming bitter kola without proper monitoring could lead to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Maintaining a balanced diet and routinely checking your blood sugar levels are crucial.

Liver and Kidney Health: While some research indicates bitter kola may help maintain liver health, overindulgence or interactions with specific medications may cause harm to the liver and kidneys. If you already have liver or kidney disease, it is crucial to take precautions and visit a physician. Bitter kola, traditionally used for detoxification, contains flavonoids with antioxidant properties. These compounds may protect the liver from oxidative stress and damage by improving liver function. Further research is needed to confirm these effects in humans. 

Bitter kola has anti-inflammatory properties, potentially benefiting kidneys by reducing inflammation associated with kidney diseases. Its antioxidants protect the kidneys from oxidative stress. Its diuretic properties increase urine production, flushing out toxins but potentially leading to dehydration or electrolyte imbalances.

Tooth Decay: The high tannin content in bitter kola is responsible for its bitterness; excessive consumption of this plant can lead to enamel erosion and other dental issues.

Hypertension: Bitter kola has been known to increase blood pressure due to its stimulant effects. Bitter kola is rich in antioxidants, which can help reduce oxidative stress in the body. Oxidative stress can contribute to high blood pressure. Certain compounds found in bitter kola have been proposed to have vasodilatory effects, meaning they may help relax blood vessels and possibly lower blood pressure. Some studies suggest that bitter kola may have anti-inflammatory properties and chronic inflammation is associated with high blood pressure. It's important to note that these potential effects are essentially theoretical, and there is a lack of robust clinical evidence to support the use of bitter kola as a standalone treatment for high blood pressure. Individuals with hypertension or those on medication for high blood pressure should consume bitter kola with caution or avoid it.

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

Bitter kola has a significant impact on African culture. It is a part of many customary rites and ceremonies, such as funerals, naming ceremonies, and marriages. Offering bitter kola is a sign of hospitality and goodwill in many African cultures. It is also associated with medical and spiritual traditions, where its shielding qualities are highly valued.

Traditional Medicine: African conventional medicine has been using bitter kola for centuries. It is believed to be beneficial for treating several illnesses, such as colds, coughs, sore throats, and digestive issues. It is used as a home remedy for male impotence and infertility and is believed to have aphrodisiac properties.

Ceremonies and Rituals: In West and Central Africa, bitter kola is extensively used in various ceremonies and rituals. In certain cultures, this plant is revered and offered as a sacrifice to gods and spirits. It is also used in naming rituals, childbirth ceremonies, and other cultural events.

Social and Hospitality Significance: Bitter kola is often offered as a sign of hospitality and respect in many African cultures. Bitter kola is typically given to visitors as a token of hospitality when they arrive at someone's house.

Symbolism and Superstitions: Bitter kola is sometimes associated with various superstitions and beliefs. It is believed to have protective qualities and is used to ward off evil spirits or negative energy. Some people carry bitter kola with them as a talisman for protection.

Cultural Symbolism: Bitter kola is sometimes used to symbolize cultural pride. It is accepted as a way to connect with one's heritage and as a model of traditional African beliefs and customs.

Trade and Economic Importance: In the global market for international trade, bitter kola is a significant commodity. Its exports are made into dietary supplements and conventional medicine in many countries. This benefits the local economies of the communities that grow bitter kola.

Food and Flavoring: Traditional African recipes occasionally incorporate bitter kola as a flavoring ingredient. It is used in many culinary preparations and gives food a bitter, slightly astringent taste.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, bitter kola is a unique and culturally significant fruit with a rich history and potential health benefits. While it has a bitter taste, it offers a multitude of uses, from traditional medicine to culinary applications. It is critical to keep researching the scientific underpinnings of its health benefits while also considering the cultural significance of the areas where it is grown.  Whether you are interested in its medicinal potential or simply curious about exotic fruits, bitter kola is a remarkable and multifaceted natural resource.