Author: Akau B.Z.
INTRODUCTION
Alcohol, a ubiquitous and culturally embedded beverage, holds a complex duality in its effects on human health. This social elixir, with its diverse array of flavors and varieties, carries both potential benefits and significant risks that warrant careful consideration. Alcohol has been a part of human culture for centuries, playing roles in social, religious, and recreational settings. Its consumption spans continents and cultures, but its effects on health have been a subject of extensive debate. While moderate alcohol intake is associated with certain health benefits, excessive or prolonged use poses significant risks to physical and mental well-being.
HEALTH BENEFITS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
1. Antioxidant Properties
Alcoholic beverages, particularly red wine, contain compounds that exhibit antioxidant properties. Overproduction of free radicals exceeds the body's ability to neutralize them, leading to oxidative stress, which these antioxidants assist the body in coping with. Red wine, in particular, contains polyphenols like resveratrol, catechins, and flavonoids. These compounds have been studied for their potential to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to their potential health benefits.
Many alcoholic beverages contain flavonoids, which have antioxidant qualities that may help lower the risk of certain diseases and improve general health. Antioxidants in alcohol can neutralize free radicals and unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and DNA, contributing to aging and various diseases. A few alcohol-derived antioxidants have demonstrated anti-inflammatory qualities, which may help minimize inflammatory responses in the body and consequently lower the risk of inflammatory-related chronic diseases. According to some research, the antioxidants in alcohol may protect brain tissue and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative illnesses like Alzheimer's.
The potential benefits of antioxidants in alcohol are associated with moderate consumption. Overindulgence in alcohol can counteract these advantages and result in a host of health problems, such as liver damage, addiction, and a higher chance of illness. Alcohol's antioxidant benefits can differ from person to person depending on a range of factors, including genetics, general health, lifestyle, and type and quantity of alcohol drank.
2. Coronary Heart disease (CHD)
Many studies have shown that low-to-moderate alcohol consumption has a net protective effect on CHD, which is the most essential health benefit of alcohol. Protection against cardiovascular disease (CHD) is believed to be mediated by high-density lipoprotein levels, beneficial effects on insulin resistance, platelets, coagulation profiles, hormonal profiles (estrogen), vasodilation, and inflammation. Alcohol consumption with meals will increase its protective effects on CHD more than without meals.
Moderate alcohol intake, particularly red wine, has been linked to elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, often known as "good" cholesterol. Increases in HDL can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by preventing plaque from accumulating in the arteries. Red wine is also known to have anti-inflammatory properties and may offer protection against heart and blood vessel damage due to the presence of antioxidants like polyphenols and resveratrol. Alcohol, when consumed in moderation, may also have effects on blood clotting. It might reduce the formation of blood clots that can block arteries in the heart, potentially lowering the risk of heart attacks.
Despite these potential benefits, the relationship between alcohol consumption and CHD is not straightforward. Overindulging in alcohol can have several negative consequences that may outweigh any possible advantages, such as increased blood pressure, irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), cardiomyopathy, and heart failure.
3. Ischemic Stroke
There is a complex interplay between moderate and excessive alcohol intake and their respective effects on stroke risk, as evidenced by the extensive research on alcohol consumption and its relationship to stroke. According to some research, moderate alcohol use may help prevent ischemic strokes, which are the most common kind of stroke. Alcohol is thought to have this effect because it can lower blood clot formation and raise HDL ("good") cholesterol, both of which can reduce the risk of an ischemic stroke. Red wine's anti-inflammatory qualities may improve blood vessel health and possibly lower the risk of stroke. However, excessive alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke, a condition in which a weak blood vessel bursts and bleeds into the brain. It also causes high blood pressure, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy, which may indirectly increase the risk of stroke. Moderation plays a pivotal role in understanding alcohol's impact on stroke risk.
4. Diabetes Mellitus
The relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of developing diabetes mellitus (DM) is complex and multifaceted. While excessive alcohol intake can contribute to various health issues, some studies have suggested potential mechanisms through which moderate alcohol consumption might be associated with a reduced risk of diabetes. However, these findings are not universally agreed upon and require further investigation. Low-to-moderate alcohol intake has been linked, in some studies, to increased insulin sensitivity. This might indicate that the body is absorbing insulin more efficiently, which would help to regulate blood sugar. Improved insulin sensitivity could help reduce the risk of developing insulin resistance, a precursor to type 2 diabetes.
Certain alcoholic beverages, especially red wine, contain antioxidants that exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. These substances may help reduce inflammation, which is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes, thus potentially lowering diabetes risk. The positive impact of alcohol on lipid profiles (increasing "good" HDL cholesterol levels and lowering triglycerides) might contribute to a reduced risk of diabetes. Individual differences exist in how alcohol affects diabetes risk due to genetics, general health, lifestyle decisions, and the type of alcohol consumed. Alcohol contains calories, and if you drink too much of it, you may gain weight, which raises your risk of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is critical to consider a person's diet and lifestyle when assessing their overall caloric intake, which includes alcohol-related calories.
5. Cholelithiasis
Alcohol consumption can influence the development and progression of cholelithiasis, commonly known as gallstones. Cholelithiasis occurs when hardened deposits form in the gallbladder, causing pain and other complications. While the relationship between alcohol and gallstones is not entirely clear-cut, certain aspects are worth noting. Certain studies suggest that moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of gallstone development. This protective effect might be due to alcohol's potential to increase the flow of bile and relax the muscles in the bile duct, preventing gallstone formation. It may stimulate the gallbladder to empty more efficiently, potentially reducing the risk of gallstone development.
Nonetheless, there is evidence connecting high alcohol intake to a higher risk of gallstone development. Drinking too much alcohol can upset the body's bile acid balance, which raises the bile's cholesterol content and promotes gallstones. Heavy drinking can impair liver function, affecting bile production and flow. An elevated risk of gallstone formation may result from this disturbance. Overindulgence in alcohol is frequently associated with weight gain and obesity, two conditions that increase the risk of gallstones. Increased body weight is associated with higher cholesterol levels in the bile, contributing to gallstone formation. Alcohol can obstruct the body's ability to absorb vital nutrients, which may impact how well the body processes fats and increase the risk of gallstone development.
6. Social and Psychological Benefits
Alcohol has long been associated with various social and psychological effects, influencing interactions and behaviors in social settings. While some may consider these effects beneficial, it is necessary to note that some risks and complications vary from person to person. Many people believe that alcohol acts as a social lubricant, reducing inhibitions and boosting feelings of confidence and relaxation to facilitate social interactions. In social situations, it might encourage bonding and conversation. As a sign of tradition, celebration, and friendship, alcohol is a primary component of many cultural and ceremonial practices. Sharing a drink is often the customary way to connect and establish social bonds. In social settings, such as parties or gatherings, alcohol can be seen as a means to enhance enjoyment and participation in recreational activities.
Moderate alcohol consumption might induce feelings of relaxation and temporarily alleviate stress for some individuals. It can act as a way to unwind and decompress after a stressful day. Some people experience a temporary boost in mood and confidence when consuming alcohol, which may contribute to increased sociability and a more outgoing demeanor in social situations. Alcohol can enhance the perception of enjoyment and pleasure in some experiences, making social events or activities more enjoyable for some individuals. While alcohol can initially make one feel good, using it as a coping method for stress or emotional problems can result in dependence and addiction. Drinking too much alcohol can cause behavioral changes, poor judgment, and an increase in risk-taking. It may also intensify preexisting mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression.
7. Potential Bone Health Benefits
Alcohol consumption can impact bone health, although the relationship between alcohol and bone density is complex and influenced by various factors. According to some research, moderate alcohol use may marginally increase bone density. This effect is believed to be due to alcohol's ability to increase estrogen levels (particularly in postmenopausal women) and its impact on calcium absorption, potentially reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Excessive alcohol consumption, especially chronic heavy drinking, can negatively impact bone health. Alcohol interferes with the body's ability to absorb calcium and other essential nutrients necessary for maintaining bone density, leading to decreased bone mineral density and an increased risk of osteoporosis. An increased risk of fractures, especially in susceptible areas like the hip and spine, is linked to long-term heavy drinking. Weakened bones due to alcohol-induced bone loss are more prone to fractures.
Overindulgence in alcohol consumption can harm dietary choices, leading to insufficient intake of essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D necessary for strong bones. Alcohol can disrupt hormonal balances, impacting the production and function of hormones that regulate bone health, such as estrogen and testosterone. Alcohol's effects on bone health depend on a variety of factors, including individual differences, the amount and duration of alcohol consumption, and general lifestyle choices. While excessive or heavy drinking can increase the risk of fractures and osteoporosis because it causes bone loss, moderate drinking may slightly increase bone density. A multifaceted strategy is needed to maintain bone health, including regular exercise, a balanced diet high in vital nutrients, abstaining from excessive alcohol use, and lifestyle decisions that promote general well-being.
8. Cognitive Function and Longevity
Alcohol's impact on cognitive function and longevity is a complex and multifaceted topic, with varying outcomes depending on several factors, including the amount and pattern of alcohol consumption, individual differences, and overall health status. Some researchers attribute this to the potential protective effects of moderate alcohol intake on cognitive function and longevity, although the exact mechanisms remain uncertain. Red wine may help shield the cardiovascular system by lowering the risk of heart disease when taken in moderation. Improved heart health may contribute to increased longevity in some individuals. Alcohol's social effects might positively impact overall quality of life and mental well-being, potentially influencing longevity. However, this is highly individual and can vary widely among people. Alcohol consumption can have acute effects on cognitive function, leading to impaired judgment, decreased inhibitions, slower reaction times, and difficulties with coordination and memory retrieval. These effects are more prominent with higher alcohol consumption. Chronic heavy alcohol consumption can lead to significant cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Prolonged alcohol abuse can result in conditions such as alcohol-related dementia, memory loss, and difficulties with learning and problem-solving. Excessive alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety, which can further impact cognitive function.
UNVEILING THE DETRIMENTAL IMPACT OF ALCOHOL ON HEALTH
While there may be some benefits associated with moderate alcohol consumption, there are significant risks to one's physical, mental, behavioral, and social well-being when consuming alcohol excessively or over time.
1. Infectious Diseases
Alcohol consumption can have various effects on infectious diseases, impacting both the body's ability to fight off infections and the risk of contracting some illnesses. Excessive alcohol consumption can weaken the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections. Chronic alcohol use can impair the function of immune cells, reducing their ability to defend against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Alcohol consumption can increase a person's susceptibility to some infections, such as STIs like HIV/AIDS and respiratory illnesses like tuberculosis and pneumonia. Alcohol can impair the body's ability to heal from diseases or injuries. It may interfere with the body's inflammatory response, which helps the body fight off infections and promote healing. Heavy drinking can lessen the effectiveness of vaccinations by weakening the body's reaction to them. An increased susceptibility to diseases that vaccines can prevent could result from this. Alcohol use can exacerbate the progression of HIV/AIDS. It weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections associated with the condition. While research is ongoing, evidence suggests that chronic heavy alcohol use might increase the severity of COVID-19 infections and worsen outcomes due to its impact on the immune system. It's important to note that moderate alcohol consumption may not have as significant an effect on infectious diseases as excessive or chronic drinking.
2. Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)
Alcohol can have several effects on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), ranging from acute issues like irritation to chronic conditions resulting from long-term alcohol abuse. Alcohol is an irritant to the lining of the stomach and intestines. It causes discomfort and inflammation and raises the risk of developing gastritis or stomach ulcers due to increased production of stomach acid and disruption of the stomach's protective barrier. Alcohol can interfere with the digestion process. It can impair the breakdown and absorption of nutrients, leading to malabsorption issues and deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals.
Chronic alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor for developing conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and esophagitis, which can damage the esophagus and cause discomfort. An increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers, such as those that affect the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, and liver, is linked to long-term alcohol use. Long-term alcohol use that irritates the stomach lining can cause alcoholic gastritis, a condition characterized by symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Drinking alcohol can upset the delicate balance of gut bacteria, changing the gut microbiota and possibly causing digestive issues as well as other health issues. Moderation in alcohol consumption is essential to minimize these effects on the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Liver
The liver can suffer significant and harmful effects from alcohol. The liver metabolizes alcohol, but excessive or chronic alcohol consumption can cause various liver-related issues. The first stage of liver damage due to alcohol consumption often involves the accumulation of fat in the liver cells. It is possible to reverse the condition known as fatty liver disease if alcohol consumption is stopped at an early age. Alcoholic hepatitis, or liver inflammation, can result from heavy and prolonged alcohol consumption. It can result in symptoms like jaundice, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, and, in extreme situations, liver failure. It is a potentially fatal illness that is dangerous. Chronic inflammation from alcoholic hepatitis can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the liver (fibrosis). If alcohol consumption continues, this scarring can progress and become extensive, impairing liver function.
One of the most frequent causes of cirrhosis, a late-stage liver disease marked by extensive scarring and loss of liver function, is long-term alcohol abuse. Cirrhosis is irreversible and can lead to complications like portal hypertension, ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen), hepatic encephalopathy, and an increased risk of liver cancer. Chronic alcohol consumption is a risk factor for developing liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma), especially in individuals with underlying liver damage or cirrhosis. Alcohol interferes with the liver's ability to perform its vital functions, such as detoxification, metabolism of nutrients, and synthesis of proteins and enzymes. This impairment can lead to a range of health issues beyond liver-specific problems. Reduced alcohol intake before irreversible damage is done allows the liver to regenerate and heal itself remarkably well. However, once cirrhosis sets in, the liver's capacity to repair itself significantly diminishes.
4. Malignant Neoplasm
Alcohol use and cancer have a complicated relationship that varies depending on personal factors, the frequency of use, and the volume of alcohol consumed. Alcohol consumption raises the risk of cancer in the mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, intrahepatic bile duct, breast, and colon, among other organs. Alcohol can lead to the formation of acetaldehyde, a carcinogenic compound, during its metabolism in the body. Additionally, alcohol can disrupt DNA structure, interfere with folate metabolism, and impair the body's ability to absorb essential nutrients, all of which can contribute to cancer development. Alcohol can interact synergistically with other known carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, further increasing the risk of certain cancers, particularly those affecting the mouth, throat, and esophagus. Reducing alcohol intake can assist in lowering the risk of cancer associated with alcohol use. The risk tends to increase with higher levels of alcohol consumption, but even moderate drinking can contribute to the risk. Genetics, lifestyle, overall diet, and other health factors can also influence an individual's susceptibility to alcohol-related cancers. It is crucial to remember that there are many facets to the link between alcohol and cancer, and research on the precise mechanisms is ongoing.
5. Brain
Alcohol use can significantly affect behavior, mental capacity, and overall brain health. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that can impair cognitive function. It affects brain regions responsible for decision-making, reasoning, and judgment. Even low to moderate levels of alcohol can temporarily impair cognitive abilities and coordination. Alcohol can interfere with memory formation and learning. It hinders the production of new memories and can result in memory lapses or blackouts, particularly after binge drinking. Chronic alcohol use can lead to structural changes in the brain, including shrinkage (brain atrophy), particularly in regions like the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Memory, the processing of emotions, and cognitive function may be affected by this. Alcohol affects neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. These alterations can lead to disruptions in mood regulation, contributing to symptoms of depression or anxiety. The risk of alcohol-related brain damage or dementia can rise with prolonged heavy drinking. Cognitive impairments, memory loss, and poor executive function are the hallmarks of this illness. Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of neurological disorders such as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which involves severe memory impairment, confusion, and neurological damage due to thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. Abrupt cessation of heavy alcohol use can lead to withdrawal symptoms, including tremors, anxiety, seizures, and, in severe cases, delirium tremens, which is a life-threatening condition.
6. Alcohol Use Disorders
(AUDs)
The hallmark of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), a chronic brain disorder, is the incapacity to regulate or stop drinking despite its harmful effects. Alcohol consumption is one of the many factors that influence it. Regular alcohol use can eventually cause tolerance, which makes people require more alcohol to get the same results. Increased tolerance often leads to escalated drinking patterns. Continued and heavy alcohol use can lead to physical dependence on alcohol. The body adapts to the presence of alcohol, and when alcohol consumption is reduced or stopped, withdrawal symptoms like tremors, anxiety, and nausea can occur. Alcohol affects neurotransmitters in the brain, altering their levels and disrupting normal brain function. These changes can contribute to cravings and compulsive drinking behaviors. Alcohol stimulates the brain's reward system, releasing dopamine, which reinforces drinking behaviors. With repeated exposure, this reinforcement may develop into an obsessive need to keep drinking alcohol despite its harmful effects. Genetic predisposition, psychological factors like stress and trauma, environmental influences, and social and environmental factors like cultural acceptance and family history of alcoholism can also contribute to AUD. AUD tends to be progressive. What might start as occasional or moderate drinking can escalate into heavier consumption over time, leading to increased tolerance, dependence, and addiction.
7. Epilepsy and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Alcohol consumption can lower the seizure threshold, increasing the likelihood of seizures in individuals with epilepsy. Even moderate alcohol intake can trigger seizures in some people with the condition. Additionally, chronic alcohol abuse can lead to a specific type of epilepsy called alcohol-related seizures or alcohol withdrawal seizures during withdrawal from heavy drinking. Alcohol can exacerbate several neuropsychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. An early onset of alcohol consumption is closely associated with mental illnesses that affect adolescents, such as depression, anxiety, psychosis, and suicide. The effects of alcohol consumption on major depressive disorders are that alcohol can result in depression, and people with major depressive disorders tend to drink in larger volumes and more harmful patterns. Alcohol can interact with medications used to manage epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders. It may amplify side effects or interfere with the medication's effectiveness, potentially leading to more frequent or severe symptoms.
8. Pancreas
Alcohol can have detrimental effects on the pancreas, especially when consumed in excessive amounts over an extended period. The production of insulin, digestive enzymes, and blood sugar regulation are all vital functions of the pancreas. One of the primary causes of pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas, is heavy alcohol consumption. It can be acute (with a sudden onset and severe symptoms) or chronic (characterized by long-term inflammation). The pancreas may suffer long-term harm from chronic pancreatitis, making it less able to perform as intended. Alcohol interferes with the pancreas's ability to produce digestive enzymes. In the small intestine, these enzymes are crucial for food digestion. When the pancreas is affected, it might not make enough enzymes, leading to problems with digestion and nutrient absorption. Excessive alcohol intake can disrupt insulin production and release from the pancreas. This interference can result in irregular blood sugar levels and an increased risk of developing insulin resistance or diabetes. Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with a higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Although the precise mechanisms are unknown, long-term alcohol use is linked to an increased risk of this particular cancer. Alcohol-related pancreatitis can cause structural damage to the pancreas, leading to complications such as pseudocysts (fluid-filled sacs), infections, and even tissue death (necrosis).
9. Pregnancy
Many studies have demonstrated that drinking alcohol increases the fetus's risk of mental retardation, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders (ARND), fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), including fetal alcohol syndrome (FA), and congenital abnormalities. Alcohol also has teratogenic effects on the fetus, which can result in lethal consequences such as spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, fetal damage, prematurity, and intrauterine growth restriction. Children with FASDs might experience learning disabilities, developmental delays, attention and hyperactivity problems, memory issues, poor impulse control, and difficulties with social interactions and judgment. Growth retardation can result from exposure to alcohol during pregnancy and after delivery. It can also affect brain development, leading to long-term cognitive and behavioral challenges. It can also affect brain development, leading to long-term cognitive and behavioral problems. FASDs are lifelong conditions that persist into adulthood. Individuals affected may face challenges in education, employment, relationships, and independent living due to the cognitive and behavioral issues associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. The most effective way to prevent FASDs is to avoid alcohol entirely during pregnancy. There is no known safe amount of alcohol or safe time to drink during pregnancy.
10. Injuries
Alcohol consumption significantly increases the risk of sustaining injuries due to its impact on cognitive function, coordination, and decision-making abilities. When people are under the influence of alcohol, their judgment and physical abilities are impaired, making them more susceptible to accidents and injuries. Alcohol affects motor skills, coordination, and balance, leading to a higher likelihood of falls, trips, and accidents. Alcohol slows down reaction time, making it difficult for individuals to respond quickly to potential dangers or sudden situations, such as avoiding a car collision or reacting to an unexpected hazard. Alcohol can lead to risky behavior and poor decision-making, prompting individuals to take chances they might otherwise avoid, like engaging in reckless driving or participating in dangerous activities. Drinking and driving are significant contributors to accidents and fatalities on the road. Alcohol affects judgment, vision, and coordination, which makes it harder to drive safely and raises the possibility of collisions. Alcohol intoxication is associated with a higher likelihood of being involved in fights, assaults, and altercations, increasing the risk of physical injuries. Alcohol impairment can also contribute to accidents at home or in the workplace due to decreased awareness, impaired judgment, and reduced coordination. When injuries occur while under the influence of alcohol, there might be complications with proper wound care and healing due to the effects of alcohol on the body's processes.
11. Increase risk of STI
Alcohol use doesn't directly cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but it can contribute to behaviors that increase the risk of contracting STIs. Alcohol can impair decision-making abilities and decrease inhibitions, leading to risky sexual behaviors such as unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, or engaging in sex with partners whose STI status is unknown. Under the influence of alcohol, individuals might be less likely to use condoms consistently or correctly, increasing the likelihood of STI transmission. Alcohol consumption can lead to a higher chance of engaging in high-risk sexual activities that increase the chances of exposure to STIs. When intoxicated, individuals might find it more challenging to communicate effectively about sexual health and safer sex practices with their partners, leading to a decreased likelihood of negotiating condom use or discussing STI prevention. Alcohol intoxication can make individuals more vulnerable to coercion or manipulation, increasing the risk of non-consensual or forced sexual encounters, which heightens the risk of STI transmission. Alcohol can impair awareness of potential risks, including the risk of STIs, leading to a lack of attention to personal health and safety during sexual encounters.
12. Social Effects
Alcohol consumption can have significant social effects, influencing interactions, relationships, and societal dynamics in various ways. Alcohol is often seen as a social lubricant, facilitating social interactions by reducing inhibitions and increasing sociability. It can help people relax and feel more at ease in social situations. Alcohol can alter behavior, leading to both positive and negative effects. It might enhance confidence and sociability in some individuals but can also lead to aggression, impaired judgment, and unpredictable behavior in others.
Research findings have shown a strong relationship between alcohol and the workplace. Heavy drinking reduces work productivity by increasing sickness absence, decreasing performance at work, work accidents, or relationship problems with co-workers. Alcohol consumption can result in job loss and unemployment, and unemployment or the loss of a job can also increase drinking, resulting in heavy drinking.
Research has indicated a strong correlation between alcohol consumption and family dynamics, with studies demonstrating that alcohol use has detrimental effects on the drinker's partner and kids. These problems include child physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, educational neglect, husband-and-wife violence, collapsed marriages, dysfunctional families, and strain on family finances. According to Bezuidenhout, adolescents with substance-abusing parents experience a higher rate of parental or family problems than adolescents whose parents do not abuse substances. Several studies have shown that alcohol consumption results in poverty by increasing expenditure on alcohol itself, medical expenses, expenditure on alcohol-related problems, wage loss, and property loss.
Among young people and students, alcohol has also resulted in behavioral consequences such as poor school or work performances, an increased risk of school dropout, cultism, damage to objects or clothing, loss of money or valuable items, relationship problems, riots, prostitution, rape, unprotected and unplanned sex, unwanted pregnancy, multiple sexual partners and sexually transmitted infections, delinquency, victimization by robbery, trouble with the police, and driving under the influence of alcohol.
Several findings have shown that alcohol does not only harm drinkers but also others around them. A drunk driver may kill pedestrians, other drivers, or passengers in a traffic accident, and vice versa. Teenagers who are intoxicated and out of control may threaten an elderly couple who are strolling home at night. They might get stuck if an adult drinker who is supposed to pick up their child from school abandons them. A sober bystander attempting to separate two drunks fighting may himself be injured when they turn on him. A pregnant woman may continue her heavy drinking and harm her baby. Children raised by parents who drink have a higher risk of domestic violence and murder. Studies have demonstrated that students who use psychoactive substances also hurt other people as a result of their use.
CONCLUSION
Moderation emerges as the cornerstone of responsible alcohol consumption. In terms of alcohol consumption, moderation is one drink for women and up to two for men per day. Moderation allows for potential benefits while mitigating risks. A person's age, health, genetics, and way of life are important factors that influence how much alcohol they drink. Pregnant individuals, those with specific health conditions, and individuals taking medications should practice abstinence or adhere strictly to medical recommendations. Alcohol's dual nature demands careful consideration and moderation in its consumption. While it offers potential cardiovascular benefits and social enjoyment, its abuse can lead to severe health consequences, addiction, and societal harm. Awareness, responsible consumption, and seeking professional guidance where necessary are essential in navigating the intricate relationship between alcohol and human health.
Comments
Post a Comment